Рецепторы к соматостатину: локализация и методы визуализации (обзор литературы)

Нейроэндокринные опухоли (НЭО) – редко встречающаяся патология, характеризующаяся нарушениями работы гипофиза и желез внутренней секреции. Прогноз выживаемости пациентов с НЭО зависит от стадии заболевания, на которой был обнаружен злокачественный рост.

Цель работы – обобщить информацию о методах ранней диагностики НЭО и их терапии с использованием аналогов пептидного гипоталамического гормона соматостатина. Проведен хронологический анализ исследований экспрессии рецепторов к соматостатину (SSTRs) в разных тканях и органах, методов их визуализации и количественного определения за последние 50 лет.

По данным исследований, на мембранах клеток НЭО выявлена экспрессия SSTRs. История изучения SSTRs берет свое начало в 1972 г., когда впервые был выделен соматостатин и установлена его структура. Позднее обнаружена терапевтическая активность пептида при лечении НЭО, реализуемая через SSTRs, и синтезирован ряд аналогов соматостатина. Известно 5 основных типов SSTRs, включающих в себя подтипы, которые экспрессируются в характерных объемах при соответствующих патологиях. Выявление экспрессии SSTRs обеспечивает диагностику и определение стадий развития злокачественного новообразования. В настоящее время регуляцию роста опухоли проводят синтетическими аналогами соматостатина. Визуализация SSTRs – важный этап планирования терапии НЭО препаратами этой фармакологической группы. Проводятся клинические исследования терапии опухолей разных органов и тканей, визуализация in vitro и in vivo, изучаются и сравниваются методы обнаружения SSTRs.

В статье представлен ретроспективный анализ методов, используемых для визуализации SSTRs, диагностики и терапии НЭО. Показано, что метод позитронно-эмиссионной томографии, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией, с использованием SSTRs-связывающих радиолигандов является наиболее безопасным и точным для визуализации SSTRs и диагностики НЭО.

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