Микробиота в диагностике, терапии и профилактике рака

Введение. Углубленное изучение участия микробиоты в патогенезе опухолей открыло новые возможности для разработки альтернативных подходов к диагностике, терапии и профилактике злокачественных новообразований.

Цель исследования – обобщить данные практического использования особенностей профиля микробиоты в качестве маркера канцерогенеза и диагностики, а также рассмотреть ее участие в комбинированном лечении и профилактике рака.

Материалы и методы. Проведен поиск литературы по базам данных NCBI MedLine (PubMed), Scopus, web of Science с использованием ключевых слов, определяющих цель исследования. Анализировали результаты оригинальных исследований, метаанализов, рандомизированных контролируемых клинических исследований, рассматривали традиционные, систематические и зонтичные обзоры, опубликованные в последние годы.

Результаты. Качественные и количественные изменения состава микробиоты, связанные с патогенезом онкологических заболеваний, дают возможность их использования в качестве маркеров для определения риска злокачественных новообразований и прогноза широкого спектра опухолей. Механизмы, определяющие использование микробиоты в противоопухолевой терапии, разнообразны. Действие на иммунную систему является наиболее значимым. Большой интерес представляют искусственно создаваемые гибридные наночастицы, покрытые мембраной бактериальных везикул и опухолевых клеток для активации специфического противоопухолевого иммунитета. Для профилактики рака фундаментальное обоснование получило использование про-, преи синбиотиков, открытых И.И. Мечниковым.

Заключение. Комплекс научных геномных и эпигенетических данных, полученных в механистических и эпидемиологических исследованиях, посвященных роли микробиоты в патогенезе опухолей, в настоящее время оценивается как наиболее значимый результат, обосновывающий ее практическое применение в качестве компонента диагностики, терапии и профилактики рака.

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