СКАФФОЛД КАК СПОСОБ ДОСТАВКИ ВИРУСНЫХ ВЕКТОРОВ

Для экспериментальной терапии опухолей разрабатываются и применяются многочисленные подходы. Среди них особое значение приобрело получение скаффолдов – трехмерных (3D) моделей, которые имитируют структуру тканей человека и животных в физиологическом и патологическом состояниях. Как правило, клетки, используемые для доставки вирусов, подвергаются частичной дифференцировке и преждевременному старению. Учитывая, что для обеспечения эффективного инфицирования различными вирусными векторами необходимо определенное состояние клеток, доставка вируса в клетку-мишень является основной функцией скаффолда. За последние годы разработаны подходы к получению скаффолдов на основе различных материалов, в числе которых матригель, полиалациновая кислота, полилактид-ко-гликолид, винил-стилбены и биоактивные полимеры. В нашем обзоре описаны потенциальные преимущества доставки вирусного вектора в ткани с помощью 3D-скаффолдов в целях получения противовоспалительного и регенеративного эффектов, а также достижения вирус-опосредованной экспрессии биологически активных веществ, препятствующих ангиогенезу и пролиферации малигнизированных клеток или, наоборот, стимулирующих заживление ран. 3D-материалы, такие как гидрогели и  скаффолды, являются одними из  наиболее перспективных инноваций в  области биоматериалов. Вирусные векторы обеспечивают уникальную специфичность и эффективность доставки генов в клетки-мишени. Из всех вирусных агентов векторы на основе аденовирусов человека серотипов 2/5 получили наиболее широкое применение в онколитической виротерапии для доставки терапевтических генов. Однако широкому применению таких векторов в клинической практике препятствует иммуногенность белкового вирусного капсида. Эти ограничения могут быть преодолены посредством использования скаффолдов с вирусными векторами для безопасной и устойчивой доставки целевых генов в потенциальные мишени. Согласно данным литературы, использование скаффолдов значительно снижает иммунный ответ организма на чужеродный агент. Наш обзор будет интересен исследователям, работающим в области производства биоматериалов и заинтересованным в создании скаффолдов, одновременно обеспечивающих эффективную доставку генов в клетки-мишени и обладающих низкой иммуногенностью.

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