Современные противовирусные биомедицинские клеточные продукты и перспективы их применения в терапии COVID-19

За короткий промежуток времени было разработано несколько типов вакцин против COVID-19. Однако именно группы риска по тяжелому течению COVID-19 (пожилые люди, лица с подавленным иммунитетом, такие как онкологические пациенты или пациенты после пересадки органов) хуже всего развивают адекватный иммунный ответ на вакцинацию. Поэтому для получения защитных реакций у данных групп следует применять вакцины на основе таких биомедицинских клеточных продуктов (БМКП), как дендритные клетки (ДК), нагруженные антигенами SARS-CoV-2 ex vivo в оптимальных условиях. В некоторых случаях, когда вакцинация не была проведена своевременно, а риск тяжелого заболевания велик, целесообразно немедленно предпринять меры для защиты организма от вируса, инфицировавшего организм.

Для подобного протективного действия могут использоваться другие БМКП – лимфоциты с химерным рецептором антигенов (chimeric antigen receptors, CAR). Такие рецепторы распознают антигены при помощи модифицированных доменов антител, то есть вне контекста молекул главного комплекса гистосовместимости. Поэтому возможно применение для экстренных нужд донорских эффекторных CAR-лимфоцитов, которые были заготовлены заранее. CAR-лимфоциты в настоящее время используются главным образом для противоопухолевой терапии. До 2020 г. велось достаточно ограниченное количество исследований противовирусных CAR-лимфоцитов. Однако пандемия COVID-19 привела к резкой интенсификации подобных работ. ДК, которые считаются наиболее эффективными антигенпрезентирующими клетками, тоже первоначально использовались в качестве противоопухолевых вакцин. Безопасность ДК-вакцин, их высокая эффективность в случае присутствия целевого антигена достаточно быстро привели к тому, что экспериментаторы стали пытаться применять ДК также в качестве терапевтического агента при хронических вирусных заболеваниях типа гепатитов B и C, вирусе иммунодефицита человека.

В настоящем обзоре суммируются данные о противовирусных БМКП, которые были разработаны к настоящему времени, особое внимание уделяется продуктам против COVID-19. Обсуждается, каким образом результаты предыдущих исследований могут быть применены для увеличения эффективности БМКП, направленных против COVID-19.

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