ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗРАБОТКИ МЕТОДОВ ДИАГНОСТИКИ И МОНИТОРИНГА ОНКОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ЗАБОЛЕВАНИЙ НА ОСНОВЕ АНАЛИЗА ЭКЗОСОМ, СЕКРЕТИРУЕМЫХ ОПУХОЛЕВЫМИ КЛЕТКАМИ

Экзосомы - это мембранные везикулы размером 80-130 нм, секретируемые практически клетками всех типов. Основной физиологической функцией экзосом считается перенос веществ и информации от клетки к клетке. Биохимический состав экзосом сохраняет черты сходства с клеткой-продуцентом и отражает этапы их эндосомального биогенеза, кроме того, в состав экзосом входят различные сигнальные и регуляторные молекулы, компоненты межклеточного матрикса и ферменты. Неопластическая трансформация сопровождается активацией секреции экзосом, причем опухолевые экзосомы играют значимую роль в развитии заболевания. Среди наиболее значимых эффектов экзосом отмечается подавление противоопухолевого иммунитета, стимуляция инвазивного роста и метастазирования, развитие устойчивости к действию цитостатических препаратов. Опухолевые экзосомы могут быть обнаружены во многих биологических жидкостях, включая кровь. Экзосомы биохимически стабильны, их состав определяет возможность проведения комплексного анализа. За последние несколько лет большим числом исследований доказана перспективность разработки методов диагностики онкологических заболеваний на основе анализа циркулирующих экзосом, хотя многие существенные и методологические вопросы остаются пока открытыми. В представленном обзоре коротко суммированы современные представления о биологии экзосом и обсуждены первостепенные методологические аспекты работы с экзосомами. Основное внимание уделено изложению и анализу результатов исследований с целью создание новых методов диагностики и мониторинга онкологических заболеваний на основе анализа экзосом и экзосо- мальных компонентов.

рак, диагностика, онкомаркер, экзосомы, микроРНК, oncology, cancer, onco-marker, exosomes, microRNA

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