Background. The allergic diseases are growing everywhere. The exact diagnosis of allergens becomes more and more critical because it significantly affects the further treatment of the patient, including the question about using the allergen-specific immunotherapy. There are several laboratory and instrumental allergic tests among which the skin tests are the most available. Despite its low cost, this method is characterized by a large percentage of false-positive and, more importantly, false-negative results. In addition, the allergens that can be detected by skin tests are limited.

Aim. To conduct a comparative analysis of the effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy of allergen chips from different manufacturers and to evaluate their applicability in the molecular diagnosis of allergic diseases.

Results. ImmunoCAP ISAC and Allergy Explorer (ALEX) tests are gradually occupying their niche in the molecular diagnosis of allergic diseases. Both methods have their benefits and disadvantages. The high cost and difficulties in supplying foreign materials sharply limit the widespread use of allergy profiles in Russia. On the other hand, personalized medicine requires doctors to have a patient-centered care, which is completed using existing diagnostic tools. The allergy panels for various regions of Russia can solve this problem. Identifying the most common clinically significant molecules in each region will enable more accurate diagnosis of allergies and personalized patient treatment. This will improve medical care quality and increase therapy effectiveness.

Conclusion. Developing and implementing new diagnostic methods and creating allergen panels optimal for each region are important steps towards improving the diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. These measures will help clinicians more accurately identify relevant allergens and develop individual treatment plans for each patient, ultimately leading to better public health and lower economic costs for treating allergies.

Over 500,000 new cervical cancer (CC) cases are recorded annually around the world, and more than 300,000 women die from this disease. Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common CC form. Human papilloma viruses (HPV) of certain types are recognized etiological agents of CC. The viewpoint that all CC cases are HPV-positive was very popular among researches until recently. Chiefly it was based on technical problems with detection of “genuine” HPV-negative CC. Due to multiplicity and heterogeneity of the HPV group it seemed reasonable to explain the fact that less than 100 % of HPV-positive samples were registered in a certain study by detection system inadequacy, in other words that a false-negative result was the case. As HPV DNA detection methods had been improved the existence of HPV-independent CC was officially recognized by the World Health Organization in 2020. These carcinomas are rather rare, difficult to diagnose, thus detected at advanced stages; there are some communications on a more severe clinical course of such cases in comparison with HPV-positive ones, they are frequently inoperable. It seems the given CC form will not disappear with the introduction of programs of mass preventive adolescent vaccinations. The review deals with some technical items of HPV-negative squamous CC detection as well as with the known peculiarities of this cancer type.

Background. Lung cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality, with early detection significantly improving prognosis. Modern approaches require new solutions for more effective screening patient selection.

Aim. To conduct a systematic review of studies applying artificial intelligence (AI) for analyzing socio-demographic data and routine laboratory tests to optimize patient selection for screening and pathology classification.

Materials and methods. A literature search (2014–2024) was conducted in databases including PubMed, ResearchGate, and Scopus. Included studies analyzed the use of AI for lung cancer risk prediction based on sociodemographic data and medical records.

Results. The analysis identified 5 studies of AI-based models that were applied to select candidates for lung cancer screening. Age, smoking, chronic lung disease, and BMI were the most frequently used factors in the AI models. The models demonstrated high sensitivity (up to 92,7 %) and area under the receiver operating characteristic (up to 0.90). The results confirmed that AI can improve the accuracy of patient selection for screening compared to traditional methods.

Conclusion. AI application for lung cancer risk prediction shows substantial potential, especially with combined use of socio-demographic and medical record data. Further studies are needed to improve models and evaluate their clinical impact.

Background. Chemotherapy remains the mainstay of drug treatment for malignant neoplasms, but its effectiveness is often limited by the development of drug resistance, low selectivity, and toxicity of the drugs used. Gemcitabine therapy, one of the most commonly used chemotherapeutic drugs, has many limitations, such as a short half-life and rapid degradation of the drug in the body. To improve the therapeutic efficacy of gemcitabine, two main strategies have been proposed – chemical modification of the compound and the creation of delivery systems based on various nanocarriers, in particular liposomes.

Aim. To systematize and summarize the literature data on the prospects of developing a liposomal gemcitabine delivery system.

Materials and methods. The search for materials on the topic under study was carried out using the search and information and library databases PubMed, CyberLeninka, e-Library, ResearchGate. The search for publications was carried out for the period from 1997 to 2025 using keywords / phrases: “liposomes”, “liposome encapsulation”, “liposomal gemcitabine”, “liposomal gemcitabine pharmacokinetics”, etc.

Results. To date, numerous models of liposomal forms of gemcitabine have been developed and are at the preclinical development stage, and only one of them, FF-10832, has reached phase I of clinical trials. According to the results of a comparative study of the traditional and nanostructured forms of gemcitabine presented in the analyzed publications, liposomal gemcitabine demonstrates a higher therapeutic effect in in vivo experiments due to increased bioavailability and targeted delivery to tumor cells. However, the main problem in creating an optimal liposomal composition of gemcitabine remains the low level of drug encapsulation in vesicles, which can be overcome by selecting a lipid composition or developing a rational loading method.

Conclusion. The literature data on the use of gemcitabine in the treatment of malignant neoplasms and the prospects for developing its liposomal delivery system have been systematized and summarized. It has been shown that the inclusion of gemcitabine in liposomes allows eliminating the problems associated with antitumor therapy with this drug.

Background. Transferrin receptor 1 (CD71) plays a vital role in regulating cellular iron import. Cancer cells aberrantly express transferrin receptor 1 (CD71). Expression of CD71 receptors influences many aspects of tumorigenesis. Studying the expression of CD71 in breast cancer cells may reveal the peculiarities of tumor biology in order to select a priority type of drug treatment.

Aim. Study the CD71 phenotype of breast cancer cells and evaluate its relationship with adhesion molecules.

Materials and methods. We studied tumor samples obtained from breast cancer patients who were treated at the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology. On cryostat sections of the tumor, the CD71 phenotype (transfecrrin receptors), CD54 phenotype (intercellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1), and CD29 phenotype (common β-subunit of VLA antigens) were assessed using immunofluorescence. A ZEISS luminescent microscope (AXIOSKOP, Germany) was used. The assessment was performed using a semi-quantitative method: two types of positive reaction were identified according to Hammerling (mosaic and monomomorphic). Using contingency tables (Fisher’s exact test or Pearson’s χ2 test), the correlation between the expression of transferrin receptor molecules and adhesion molecules was studied.

Results. The phenotype of breast cancer corresponded to CD71 monomorphic, which was noted in 64.4 % of samples (n = 61). Adhesion molecules were expressed in the majority of samples. β-1 CD29 integrins are presented monomorphically in 51.6 %. Expressing tumor adhesion molecules ICAM-1 in 37 cases showed a monomorphic type of receptor expression, and in 17 cases – mosaic. The expression of CD71 molecules was significantly associated with the expression of CD54 adhesion receptors. This was that CD71 positive tumors more often demonstrated expression of the CD54 receptor and this was expressed in a monomorphic type of reaction, which was 33 % versus 10.5 % (0.293, p = 0.008). With the mosaic CD71 phenotype, the proportion of tumors mosaically expressing CD29 β1-integrin molecules was 80.0 %, while with the CD71 monomorphic phenotype it was 33.3 %, in most cases (52.4 %) tumors with monomorphic expression of CD29 were observed (versus 20.0 % for mosaic phenotype).

Conclusion. Breast cancer cells are characterized by an overexpression phenotype of CD71, which is correlated with the expression of CD54 adhesion molecule (ICAM-1). The monomorphic expression of β1-integrin molecules, which occurs in CD71 positive tumors (with a monomorphic type of reaction), indicates that these cells have a higher metastatic potential.

Background. One of the main developing areas of medicine and pharmacy is the personification of pharmacological therapy. For the purpose of personification, dosage forms are being developed with the possibility of changing the dose during production, allowing for individual therapy for each patient. Currently, there are two main directions in the development of LF for individualized therapy: two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) printing methods that allow to obtain medicinal products of arbitrary size, shape and dose. Two-dimensional printing is additionally characterized by greater simplicity in the preparation of medicines (drugs) and allows you to obtain films dispersed in the oral cavity.

Aim. In this study, the composition of solutions (“ink”) containing the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine succinate used in inkjet printing technology to produce films dispersed in the oral cavity is being developed. This API has antioxidant, antihypoxant and membrane protective effects and is used in many fields of medicine, in particular, cardiology, neurology, narcology, psychiatry.

Materials and methods. Viscosity measurement (EAC Pharmacopoeia 2.1.2.9. 201020009–2019) – VPJ-4 1.12 (Yancheng Jingwei Int’l Group Co., Ltd., China), Surface tension measurement – bubble Tensiometer (Sensadyne PC 900, M&H Technologies Inc., Flagstaff, USA), Relative density determination (EAEU Pharmacopoeia 2.1.2.5. 201020005–2019) – pycnometer; Canon PIXMA TS5040 thermal jet printer (Canon Inc, Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a QY6-0089-000000 printhead. In addition, methods for calculating the Onesorge number and the Z number were used, and full-factor three-level analysis of variance was used for the mathematical analysis of the data obtained.

Results. The development was carried out using the method of dispersion analysis to study the influence of composition factors on the studied pharmaceutical and technological characteristics of solutions. The type of viscosity and surface tension modifiers, the quantitative ratio of excipients and purified water, as well as the introduction of an additional surfactant are used as composition factors. Among the studied pharmaceutical and technological characteristics are viscosity, true density of solutions, surface tension, Onesorge number and solubility of API.

Conclusion. The analysis of the obtained data revealed the influence of each factor and their interactions, demonstrated their degree of exposure to pharmaceutical and technological characteristics of printing solutions, and also obtained average values of characteristics for particular factors of the composition of solutions to determine the most optimal excipients to achieve the target values of the Z number and the highest quantitative content of API in the composition.

Background. Patients with malignant bone and joint tumors often require reconstructive surgery for osteosynthesis or arthrodesis. The design of the implant can be realized by 3D printing using biodegradable materials with shape memory effect, which will facilitate operative access and reduce the risk of reoperation.

Aim. The study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties, biocompatibility and biological activity of polylactide (PLA) with hydroxyapatite (HA) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) produced by extrusion and 3D printing to identify prospects for the development of implants based on them for osteoreconstructive surgeries.

Materials and methods. Materials based on PLA with the addition of 10, 15 and 20 % HA and SiO2 were obtained by extrusion. These materials were 3D-printed to produce samples that underwent a compression test. Their extracts obtained after incubation of the samples in fetal calf serum for 30 days were examined. Biocompatibility was assessed by the level of hemolysis and cytotoxicity of the extracts, as well as stimulation of oxidative stress. The effects of the extracts on cell adhesion and intensity of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells colonization on the surface of both intact and biodegraded samples were studied separately.

Results. The addition of HA and SiO2 to PLA did not significantly increase hemolysis and cytotoxicity compared to pure PLA. However, incubation with extracts of samples containing 20 % stimulated an increase in oxidative stress in leukocytes, and inhibited cell adhesion. Samples with 10 and 15 % HA maximally stimulated cell colonization on the sample surface.

Conclusion. Materials based on PLA with 10 and 15 % HA combine high strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability and effective osteoconductivity, which makes them promising candidates for implants for osteoreconstruction and arthrodesis.

Background. One of the most important tasks for modern orthopedics is the development of materials for permanent (non-removable) implants with high mechanical properties on the one hand, and high biocompatibility and bioactivity on the other hand. In the present work we propose an approach to solving this problem consisting in the formation of ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure in low-modulus pseudo-β-titanium alloy Ti-15Mo and modification of its surface by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO).

Aim. To evaluate the influence of structure and PEO modes on the peculiarities of Ti-15Mo alloy porous coating formation, its biocompatibility and adhesion activity of mesenchymal multipotent cells.

Materials and methods. The material of the study was UFG pseudo β-titanium alloy Ti-15Mo with modified surface by PEO method. To investigate the biocompatibility of uncoated and PEO-coated samples, a comparative study of their hemolytic activity and cytotoxicity in vitro was carried out. To evaluate the osteoconductivity, the stimulation of cell adhesion by the alloy samples was studied.

Results. Surface modification of Ti-15Mo alloy by PEO method resulted in the formation of coatings with developed pore system. Such topography of the coatings is close to the topography of the bone tissue that increases the area of the implant/bone contact, positively influences the osteointegration of the cells – osteoblasts and reduces the terms of the implant engraftment. It is shown that the samples from UFG alloy with PEO coatings have no toxic effect on blood cells and promote adhesion of mesenchymal multipotent cells – osteoblast precursors, which can be considered as an indicator of osteoconductivity of the modified titanium alloy surface.

Conclusion. The obtained results testify to the prospects of this development of bioimplants creation for the purposes of traumatology, orthopedics and oncology.